What is the purpose of the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project initiated by the OECD?
To standardize environmental regulations
To regulate international trade policies
To combat tax avoidance by multinational companies
To promote military cooperation among nations
What does the principle of 'Most Favored Nation (MFN)' in international trade law mean?
Countries should establish joint military forces
Countries must unify their tax regulations
Countries cannot discriminate between their trading partners
Countries should provide financial aid to each other
What are economic sanctions?
Legal measures that restrict economic activities to achieve foreign policy objectives
Military interventions to maintain peace
Loans provided to developing countries for infrastructure projects
Subsidies provided to boost domestic industries
Which organization plays a critical role in facilitating international trade?
World Trade Organization (WTO)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
United Nations (UN)
World Bank
What criticism is often directed at the IMF's conditionality attached to loans?
It ignores environmental concerns
It provides no real financial assistance
It can exacerbate economic problems instead of alleviating them
It only focuses on military aid
What is the purpose of tax treaties?
To avoid double taxation and prevent tax evasion
To establish a common currency among signatory countries
To unify trade regulations and policies
To enforce military cooperation between nations
What are the two main institutions of the World Bank?
European Union (EU) and African Union (AU)
United Nations (UN) and World Trade Organization (WTO)
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and International Development Association (IDA)
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Health Organization (WHO)
What is the purpose of the Stand-By Arrangements (SBA) provided by the IMF?
Developing global environmental policies
Short-term assistance for countries facing temporary balance of payments issues
Military support in conflict regions
Long-term educational programs in developing countries
What does 'transfer pricing' refer to in international tax law?
The setting of interest rates by central banks
The allocation of government subsidies to agricultural sectors
The imposition of tariffs on imported goods
The pricing of transactions between related entities in different countries
What is the primary goal of the World Bank?
Reducing poverty and promoting sustainable economic growth
Conducting military interventions
Regulating global finance markets
Formulating international trade policies
What are the main functions of the IMF?
Providing financial assistance, technical assistance, and economic surveillance
Conducting military operations and peacekeeping missions
Developing industrial policies, environmental regulations, and digital economy frameworks
Creating educational programs and cultural exchanges
What principle ensures that all member countries of the World Bank have equal voting power?
Conditionality
Reciprocity
Transparency
Non-Discrimination
What is the IMF's voting system based on?
Financial contributions (quotas) of its member countries
Military strength of member countries
Geographical area of member countries
Population size of member countries
What is the main challenge associated with economic sanctions?
They provide financial aid to sanctioned countries
They promote free trade and economic growth
They can adversely affect civilian populations
They always achieve their intended political objectives
What does 'double taxation' refer to in international tax law?
The provision of tax benefits to foreign investors
The imposition of taxes on the same income by two or more jurisdictions
The elimination of all taxes between trade partners
Tax evasion by multinational companies
What role does the United Nations (UN) play in international tax law?
Providing a platform for countries to negotiate treaties and discuss tax matters
Regulating global trade policies
Monitoring environmental regulations
Conducting military operations
What is the primary focus of international tax law?
Formulating international trade agreements
Conducting military interventions
Governing tax rights and obligations between countries
Regulating global environmental policies
Which organization can impose sanctions on member states to maintain or restore international peace and security?
World Trade Organization (WTO)
United Nations Security Council
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
World Bank
How does the World Bank raise funds for its projects?
By charging fees for educational programs
Through the issuance of bonds in the international financial markets
Through donations from non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
By collecting taxes from member countries
What is the main purpose of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?
Regulating international trade policies
Providing development aid to poor countries
Monitoring environmental impacts of economic activities
Promoting global economic stability and financial cooperation
What type of sanctions specifically aim at individuals, entities, or sectors to minimize humanitarian impact?
Financial Sanctions
Comprehensive Sanctions
Trade Sanctions
Targeted Sanctions